wek kZ‡Ki evsjv: Rb¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv
e¨e¯’v
f~wgKv
wek
kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z weÁvb I cÖhyw³i †¶‡Î eo ai‡bi wKQz cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q, hv ¯^vfvweKfv‡e
cieZx©‡Z Rb¯^v¯’¨ Ges wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi Ici e¨vcK cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| wek kZ‡K wPwKrmv
weÁv‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms‡hvRbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q: †cwbwmwjb Ges Ab¨vb¨ A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK
Ily‡ai D™¢veb, Wvqv‡ewU‡mi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Bbmywj‡bi e¨envi, †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨
bvbviKg wUKv Avwe¯‹vi, †ivMwbY©‡qi Rb¨ G·‡i, Avëªvm‡bvMÖvg, wmwU ¯‹¨vb (computed tomography)
Ges Gg Avi AvB (magnetic resonance imaging) -Gi e¨envi Ges wRb cÖhyw³i (genetic engineering)
Avwef©ve| G m‡ei d‡j wek kZ‡Ki Rb¯^v¯’¨ Ges wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi Af~Zc~e© DbœwZ
n‡q‡Q|
‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva, Avqye„w×, ¯^v¯’¨ Dbœqb I
`¶Zv e„w×i GKwU mvwe©K mgwš^Z cÖ‡Póvi bvg Rb¯^v¯’¨| Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q my¯’
cwi‡ek wbwðZKiY, msµvgK e¨vwa wbqš¿Y, RbMY‡K ¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨
wk¶v`vb, `ªæZ ‡ivM wbY©q I cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ `¶ Rbkw³ M‡o †Zvjv Ges mgv‡Ri
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki my¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^v¯’¨‡mev †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK
KvVv‡gvMVb Ges G mKj †KŠkj I cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¥MZ †gŠwjK AwaKvi
wnmv‡e ¯^v¯’¨‡mev I wPwKrmv myweavi cÖvc¨Zv wbwðZ Kiv|
Dwbk kZ‡K evsjvi Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i Kg©KvÛ g~jZ
cwi‡e‡ki cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv Ges ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ¶wZKi Dcv`vb Acmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ mxge×
wQj| wKš‘ wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K cwi‡e‡ki cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZvi m‡½ wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi
mgš^q mvab K‡i Rb¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i g~j †PZbv n‡”Q
mevi Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖvß m¤ú‡`i m‡e©v”P myô I mgwš^Z e¨envi mywbwðZ
Kiv|
weMZ 40 eQ‡i Rb¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv †mevi
†ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AMÖMwZ mvab K‡i‡Q| 1978 mv‡j Avjgv AvZv †Nvlbv K‡ib
cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki AR©b Cl©bxq| ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi gvb
wb‡`©kK mKj m~PK BwZ evPK| wkï g„Zy¨ nvi, gvZ„ g„Zy¨ nvi Ges 5 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx
wkï†`i g„Zy¨nvi D‡jø¨L‡hvM¨ fv‡e K‡g‡Q Ges Gi d‡j RbM‡Yi Mo Avqy®‹vj †e‡o‡Q|
evsjv‡`k mve©Rbxb wUKv cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î 1995 mv‡ji ci †_‡K avivevwnK fv‡e 90% Gi
†ekx mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q| Z‡e ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi †ÿ‡Î AwR©Z mvdj¨ Kvw•LZj‡L¨i m‡½
A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎB mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq| me©cwi mn¯ªv‡ãi Dbœqb jÿ¨ mg~n cyiæY Kivi Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨
†ÿ‡Î †h AMÖMwZ mvab Kiv `iKvi, cÖwkwÿZ Ges `ÿ Rbkw³i Afv‡e Zv AR©b Kiv hv‡e wK
bv Zv G wel‡q m‡›`‡ni AeKvk i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¯^v¯’¨
fviZ
Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk‡`i AvMg‡bi Av‡M g~jZ Avqy‡e©`xq Ges BDbvwb wPwKrmv c×wZ cÖPwjZ
wQj| G mg‡q Rb¯^v¯’¨ †mevi †Kv‡bv msMwVZ aviYvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq bv| weªwUk‡`i
AvMg‡bi ci †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i weKvk wZbwU ch©v‡q N‡U‡Q|
1) weªwUkfvi‡Z evsjvi Rb¯^v¯’¨
fviZ
Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUkiv 1757 mv‡j kvm‡bi wfwË ¯’vcb Ki‡jI ZLb †Lv` weª‡U‡bB Rb¯^v¯’¨
‡Zgb weKwkZ wQj bv| g~jZ Dwbk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq †_‡K GWDBb PvWDBK(Edwin Chadwick),
jW© mvBgb(Lord
Simon) cÖgy‡Li †Póvq Rb¯^v¯’¨ weKwkZ n‡Z _v‡K| fvi‡Z Rb¯^v¯’¨
cÖkvm‡bi cÖK…Z wfwË ¯’vwcZ nq 1859 mv‡j| KviY ZLb fviZ Bó-BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvwbi
cwie‡Z© mivmwi weªwUk ivRZ‡š¿i kvmb e¨e¯’vi AvIZvq P‡j hvq| G mg‡q weªwUk
†mbvkw³i GK-Z…Zxqvs‡ki Ae¯’vb wQj fvi‡Z| fvi‡Z weªwUk ‰mb¨‡`i Amy¯’Zvi AwaK nvi
Ges wewfbœ †ivMe¨wa‡Z g„Z¨yi AvwaK¨ weªwUk †mbvevwnbxi Rb¨ GKwU ûgwK n‡q
`©uvovq| Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g Aa©vs‡k hy×-weMÖ‡n weªwUk †mbv‡`i g„Z¨ n‡qwQj 6%| evwK
me g„Zy¨i KviY wQj †ivM-e¨vwa| Gi g‡a¨ 40% g„Zy¨ n‡qwQj wewfbœ ai‡bi R¡‡ii
Kvi‡Y| Avi evwK‡`i g„Zy¨ n‡qwQjÑ K‡jiv, Ab¨vb¨ Wvqwiqv RwbZ †ivM Ges hK…‡Zi
†iv‡M| weªwUk ˆmb¨iv †h mKj †ivM-e¨wa‡Z g„Zz¨eiY K‡iwQj, Zv meB fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k weivRgvb e¨vwaB wQj|
Ae‡k‡l fvi‡Z ¯^v¯’¨e¨e¯’vi ˆ`b¨`kv Ges weªªwUk
ˆmb¨‡`i fvi‡Z _vKvKv‡j AwZwi³ g„Z¨yi KviY LwZ‡q †`Lvi Rb¨ Ges Zv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai
Dcvq mycvwik Kivi Rb¨ 1859 mv‡j GKwU ivRKxq Kwgkb (Royal Commission)
MVb Kiv nq| GB Kwgkb cÖwZwU †cÖwm‡Ww݇Z GKwU K‡i Rb¯^v¯’¨ Kwgkb MVb Kivi
mycvwik K‡i Ges weªwUk †mbv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ i¶vi Rb¨ wbivc` cvwb mieivn, b`©gv ˆZwi
Ges †Quvqv‡P †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi mycvwik K‡i|
Gici ch©vqµ‡g 1864 mv‡j †mbv K¨v›Ub‡g›U A¨v± (Military Cantonment Act of
1864), 1866-67 mv‡j wewfbœ †cÖwm‡WwÝi Rb¨ m¨vwbUvwi Kwgkb (Sanitary Commission),
1868 mv‡j msµvgK e¨vwa AvBb (Contagious Disease Act) BZ¨vw`i
gva¨‡g fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k Rb¯^v¯’¨ cwiw¯’wZi Dbœqb NUv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv Pj‡Z _v‡K|
1830-Gi `k‡K fvi‡Zi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b `vZe¨ wWm‡cÝvwi
ev wPwKrmvjq ¯’vcb Kiv ïiæ nq| fvi‡Zi cjøxi RbM‡Yi nv‡Z cwðgv wPwKrmv c×wZ
†cuŠ‡Q †`Iqvi GUvB wQj cÖv_wgK cÖqvm| G mKj MÖvgxY `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjqmg~n †_‡K
cieZ©x‡Z ¸wUem‡šÍi wUKv †`Iqv n‡Zv Ges MÖvgxY RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cwi”QbœZv I
cqtwb®‹vkb m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK avibv wk¶v`v‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡Zv| cÖ_g w`‡K `vZe¨
wPwKrmvjq¸‡jvi cwiPvjbvi e¨q Jcwb‡ewkK cÖkvmb enb Ki‡jI 1870 mvj †_‡K Zviv Avi
Avw_©K e¨qfvi enb Kiv eÜ K‡i †`q Ges `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq¸‡jv wb‡RivB cwiPvjbvi
e¨qfvi enb Kivi A_© ms¯’vb Ki‡Zv|
1867 mv‡j mviv evsjvq 61 wU `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq
_vK‡jI 1900 mv‡j G msL¨v 500 †Z DwbœZ nq| A_©vr ejv hvq evsjv MÖvgxY Rbc‡`i AvaywbK
wPwKrmv wek kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z Avm‡j 500 `vZe¨ wPwKrmvj‡qi Ici wbf©ikxj wQj|
G mKj cÖ‡Póv Ges c`‡¶c m‡Ë¡I wek kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z
Rb¯^v¯’¨ wefv‡Mi AeKvVv‡gvMZ `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y Avm‡j †ivM wbY©q Ges wPwKrmv cÖ`v‡b
h‡_ó mgm¨v wQj| cÖwZwU †Rjvq BwÛqvb †gwWK¨vj mvwf©m (Indian Medical Service)
†_‡K AvMZ GKRb‡K wmwfj mvR©b wnmv‡e wb‡qvM `vb Kiv n‡Zv| wmwfj mvR©b wbqwgZ
wPwKrmv †mev`v‡bi cvkvcvwk †cŠimfv¸‡jvi m¨vwb‡Ukb msµvšÍ civgk© w`‡Zb|
1881
mv‡j wUKv`v‡bi mycvwib‡U‡ÛW‡`i cÖwZwU cÖ‡`‡ki †WcywU m¨vwbUvwi Kwgkbvi wb‡qvM
Kiv nq| Zviv wUKv`vb Kg©m~wP †`Lv‡kvbv Kivi cvkvcvwk m¨vwb‡Uk‡bi ZË¡veavb Ki‡Zb
Ges wewfbœ Rb¥-g„Zz¨i wnmve ivL‡Zb| gnvgvix n‡j †Rjv cÖkvm‡bi Kg©KZ©vivB Zvi
wnmve-wbKvk ivL‡Zb| GRb¨ cÖwZwU MÖv‡g cÖkvm‡bi c‡¶ GKRb Õ‡PŠwK`viÕ wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡Zv|
1896 mv‡j fvi‡Z gnvgvix AvKv‡i †cøM msµwgZ n‡j
we`¨gvb ¯^v¯’¨e¨e¯’vi `ye©jZv cÖKvwkZ nq| GRb¨ 1897 mv‡j gnvgvix wbqš¿b AvBb(Epidemic Disease Act 1897)
Rvwi Kiv nq Ges cÖwZwU cÖv‡`wkK miKvi‡K cÖwZwU g„Z‡`n ch©v‡e¶Y Ges †cM g„Z‡`i
Z_¨ Rvbv‡bv eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq| 1904 mv‡j †cM Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U© (Plague Commission Report
1904) m¨vwbUvwi wWcvU©‡g‡›Ui DbœwZi Rb¨ wewfbœ mycvwik Kiv
nq Ges †ivM wbY©‡qi myweavi Rb¨ j¨ve‡iUwi cÖwZôv, M‡elYv, cÖwk¶Y Ges †mivg I
wUKv Drcv`‡bi Rb¨I A‡bK mycvwik Kiv nq|
GB
mycvwi‡ki ‡cÖw¶‡Z jW© KvR©‡bi miKvi m¨vwbUvwi wWcvU©‡g›U †X‡j mvRv‡bvi D‡`¨vM
MÖnY K‡ib| G mgq fi‡Z mivmwi wPwKrmv msµvšÍ M‡elYvi D‡`¨vM †bIqv nq| 1912 mv‡j
evsjvi cÖv‡`wkK Rb¯^v¯’¨ mvwf©m (Provincial Public Health Service) Pvjy nq| 1919
mv‡j gb‡UM †Pgm‡dv‡W©i ms¯‹v‡ii (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919) d‡j wewfbœ
cÖ‡`‡k Rb¯^v¯’¨ wefv‡M e¨vcK cwieZ©b nq| AwaKvsk cÖ‡`‡kB cÖwkw¶Z Rb¯^v¯’¨-Kgx©
wb‡qvM Kiv nq| A‡bK cÖ‡`‡k Giv ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b Kg©iZ _vK‡jI evsjvq G‡`i †Rjv
†evW© Ges †cŠimfvi Aax†b b¨¯Í Kiv nq| 1919 mv‡j evsjvq MÖvg miKvi AvBb (Bengal Village
Self-Government Act 1919) cvk n‡j BDwbqb †evW©mg~n ¯^-kvwmZ
cÖwZôvb wnmv‡e Avwe©f~Z nq Ges Gi gva¨‡g
Rb¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v‡K MÖvgv‡j we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv nq|
1925 mv‡j G D‡Ï‡k¨ Av‡iK avc AMÖMwZ nq| Gi
d‡j †Rjv‡evW©mg~n cÖwZwU _vbvq GKwU K‡i Rb¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª Pvjy K‡i| Gi ZË¡veavb
Ki‡Zb m¨vwbUvwi cwi`k©K A_ev mnKvix ¯^v¯’¨ Awdmvi| GB w¯‹‡gi e¨qfvi miKvi enb
Ki‡jI ¯^v¯’¨‡K›`ªmg~n †Rjv‡ev‡W©i wbqš¿‡Y _vK‡Zv| G mKj ¯^v¯’¨‡K‡›`ªi g~j KvR
wQj msµvgK
e¨vwamg~n
†hb gvix AvKv‡i Qwo‡q co‡Z bv cv‡i, Zv
wbwðZ Kiv| 1930 mvj ch©šÍ evsjv cÖ‡`‡ki 574 _vbvi g‡a¨ 517 _vbvq Rb¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª
†Lvjv n‡qwQj| Avkv Kiv n‡qwQj G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq MÖvgxY RbM‡Yi AvKv•Lv I
Pvwn`v Abymv‡i Rb¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v‡K mwZ¨Kv‡i we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡¶ 1943 mv‡ji `ywf©‡¶i c~e© ch©šÍ
evsjvq †h Rb¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡VwQj Zv ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y m¶g wQj bv
Ges G‡`i Kvh©Ki `¶ZvI wQj wbgœgv‡bi | Rb¯^v¯’¨ `ßi Ges ¯’vbxq miKvi GKRb
cÖv‡`wkK gš¿xi Aax‡b wQj| Pvi wefv‡Mi Rb¨ PviRb mnKvix cwiPvjK wQ‡jb, hvuiv
Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i welq¸‡jv Z`viK Ki‡Zb| PviwU wefvM wQj-ea©gvb ,†cÖwm‡WwÝ, ivRkvnx Ges
mw¤§wjZ XvKv-PUªMÖvg| mnKvix cwiPvjK‡`i Z`viwK LyeB AKvh©Ki wQj| KviY Zv©uiv
huv‡`i KvR Z`viK Ki‡Zb Zvuiv Avm‡j wQ‡jb †Rjv‡ev‡W©i Kg©Pvix|
cÖwZwU
†Rjv‡ev‡W©i Aax‡b Rb¯^v¯’¨ welqK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv †Rjv ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©KZ©vi
Aax‡b| cÖwZwU †Rjvq ¯^v¯’¨ mv‡K©j wZbRb Kg©Pvix _vK‡ZvÑm¨vwbUvwi cwi`k©K,
¯^v¯’¨ mnKvix Ges Il~a evnK| G Qvov cÖwZ eQi 6 gv‡mi Rb¨ 100 Rb wUKv cÖ`vbKvix
wb‡qvM Kiv n‡Zv A¯’vqx wfwˇZ | Giv mevB wQj †Rjv †ev‡W©i Kg©Pvix |
d‡j
1940-Gi `kK ch©šÍ evsjvi Rb¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’vi KvVv‡gv wQj LyeB `ye©j| Pvwn`v †hfv‡e
evowQj †m Zzjbvq †Rjv †ev‡W©i Avq Lye Kg wQj| d‡j †Rjv †ev‡W©i c‡¶ cÖ‡qvRbxq
iv¯Ív-NvU, cvwb mieivn, cqtwb®‹vkb, nvmcvZvj BZ¨vw` wbg©vY I msi¶Y Kiv m¤¢e
nw”Qj bv| Zv‡`i wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡Zv cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii Aby`v‡bi Ici| wKš‘ cÖv‡`wkK
miKv‡ii Avw_©K Ae¯’vI †Zgb mej wQj bv|
d‡j wek kZ‡Ki evsjvq cÖ_g Aa© kZ‡K
Rb¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v we‡klZ MÖvgxY RbM‡Yi ¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v Ges wPwKrmvi †¶‡Î Lye
mvgvb¨B Ae`vb †i‡LwQj| 1943 mv‡ji `ywf©¶ G e¨e¯’vUzKzI †f‡O c‡o Ges `ywf©‡¶i
c‡iI Avm‡j Zv Avi c~‡e©i ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡iwb|
wØZxq wek¦hy× Ges fviZ wefw³i Aw¯’iZvi g‡a¨
1943 mv‡j m¨vi †Rv‡md †fvi-Gi (Sir Joseph Bhore) †bZ…‡Z¡ Dcgnv‡`‡ki ¯^v¯’¨
e¨e¯’vi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Õ¯^v¯’¨ Rwic I Dbœqb KwgwUÕ (Health Survey and Development
Committee) MVb Kiv nq| GB KwgwU‡Z cÖkvmK, wPwKrmK, Rb¯^v¯’¨ we‡klÁ,
cÖ‡KŠkjx Ges AvBbwe`MY AšÍf~©³ wQ‡jb| †fvi KwgwU (Bhor Committee)
†`‡ki ¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v‡KÑ(1)Rb¯^v¯’¨, (2)wPwKrmv, (3) wPwKrmv †ckv wk¶v, (4)
wPwKrmv M‡elYv, Ges (5) AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^v¯’¨Ñ GB cuvP wefv‡M we‡ePbv K‡ib| d‡j
†fvi KwgwU mvwe©K ¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ `~i`kx© mycvwik cÖYqb
Ki‡Z m¶g nq| †fvi KwgwUi K‡qKwU D‡jø¨L‡hvM¨ mycvwik wQj: (1) cÖkvm‡bi me ch©v‡q
cÖwZ‡iva g~jK Ges cÖwZKvi g~jK wPwKrmvi mgš^q mvab; (2) `yB ch©v‡q cÖ_wgK
¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª cÖwZôv KivÑ(K) ¯^í‡gqv‡` 40,000 †jv‡Ki Rb¨ GKwU cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨
†K›`ª ¯’vcb, Ges (L) `xN©‡gqv‡` cÖwZ 10,000 †_‡K 20,000 ‡jv‡Ki Rb¨ 75 kh¨v
wewkó nvmcvZvjmn cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨‡K›`ª cÖwZôv Kiv; (3) wPwKrmv wk¶v kv‡¯¿ †ivM
cÖwZ‡iva Ges mvgvwRK wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© 3 gv‡mi cÖwk¶Y †Kvm© AšÍfy©³ Kiv| ejv
evûj¨, †fvi KwgwUi mycvwik ev¯Íevq‡bi Av‡MB fviZ Ges cvwK¯Ívb bv‡g `ywU ¯^vaxb
iv‡óªi Afy¨`q nq| Zv m‡Ë¡I G KwgwUi wi‡cvU©
cieZx© Kv‡j `ywU †`‡ki ¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’vi Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i‡Q|
2) cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j Rb¯^v¯’¨
cwðg
cvwK¯’v‡bi jv‡nv‡i 1947 mv‡j cÖ_g wbwLj cvwK¯Ívb ¯^v¯’¨ m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| G
m‡¤§j‡b fwel¨‡Z cvwK¯—v‡bi ¯^v¯’¨ cÖkvm‡bi Dbœqb I cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ †fvi
KwgwUi wi‡cvU©‡K g~j wfwË wnmv‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| 1949 mv‡j AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^v¯’¨,
†Kvqv‡i›UvBb Ges ¯^v¯’¨ welqK AvBb I M‡elYv e¨ZxZ ¯^v¯’¨ cÖkvm‡bi mvwe©K ¶gZv cÖv‡`wkK
miKv‡ii AvIZvq †`Iqv nq| wØZxq wbwLj cvwK¯Ívb ¯^v¯’¨ m‡¤§jb 1951 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi XvKvq AbywôZ nq| GB m‡¤§j‡b Qq eQi
†gqvw` GKwU ¯^v¯’¨ cwiKíbv Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq | Gi AvIZvq nvmcvZvj mg~‡ni kh¨v
evov‡bv; MÖvgxY wWm‡cÝvwii msL¨v evov‡bv; †gwWK¨vj ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡K K‡j‡R iƒcvšÍi ;
`yB cÖ‡`‡kB Bwbw÷wUDU Ae nvBwRb A¨vÛ wcÖ‡fw›Uf †gwWwmb; †gwWK¨vj wimvP©
Bbw÷wUDU Ges Ilya cix¶vi j¨ve‡iUwi cÖwZôv Kiv; cÖwZ‡ivag~jK Ges cÖwZKvig~jK
wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi mgš^q mvab Ges g¨v‡jwiqv wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi cwiKíbv M„nxZ
nq|
c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖv‡`wkK miKvi ¯^v¯’¨ cÖkvm‡bi
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cuvP eQi †gqvw` GKwU D”Pvwfjvlx cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i| Gi AvIZvq GKwU
_vbvq GKwU MÖvgxY ¯^v¯’¨‡K›`ª (Rural Health Centre) Ges cÖwZwU _vbvq wZbwU Dc‡K›`ª
cÖwZôv Kivi cwiKíbv M„nxZ nq| G Qvov cvkvcvwk g¨v‡jwiqv wbg~©j, cwievi cwiKíbv,
¸wU emšÍ wbg~©j, wewmwR wUKv`vb cÖf„wZ Kg©m~wP M„nxZ nq| miKvwi ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©m~wPi
cvkvcvwk †Rjv‡evW© GKRb †Rjv ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM Ki‡Zv| Zv‡`i KvR g~jZ †ivM
cÖwZ‡iva Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨B mxgve× _vK‡Zv | †Rjv ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©KZ©vi Dci †Rjv
†evW© Ges Rb¯^v¯’¨ cwiPvj‡Ki ‰ØZ wbqš¿Y
wQj| cÖwZKvig~jK wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi cÖavb mvR©b †Rbv‡ij Ges Rb¯^v¯’¨ cwiPvj‡Ki
Kg©ZrciZvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv mgš^q wQj bv| d‡j 1958 mv‡j GB `yB e¨e¯’v‡K GK cÖkvm‡bi AvIZvq
Avbv nq Ges ¯^v¯’¨ cÖkvm‡bi cÖavb c‡`i bvg †`Iqv nq WvB‡i±i Ae †nj_ mvwf©m|
cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v
Zvi b¨vh¨ cÖvc¨ †_‡K ewÂZ nq| 1952 mv‡j cwðg cvwK¯Zv‡b ïay gwnjv‡`i GKwU mn
†gvU PviwU bZzb ‡gwWK¨vj K‡jR cÖwZwóZ nq| A_P c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Gi cuvP eQi c‡i
1957 mv‡j PÆMÖv‡g cÖ‡`‡ki wØZxq ‡gwWK¨vj K‡jR Pvjy nq| GKgvÎ BwbwówUDU Ae
nvBwRb A¨vÛ wcÖ‡fw›Uf †gwWwmb cÖwZwôZ nq jv‡nv‡i| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wmwfj mvR©b
c‡` wb‡qvM cÖvwßi Rb¨ Rb¯^v¯’¨ welqK mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ _vKv eva¨Zvg~jK wQj| wKš‘
c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b ‡Zgb eva¨Zv g~jK wQj bv| ¯^v¯’¨ cÖhyw³‡Z `¶ Rbkw³ Movi †¶‡ÎI
†Zgb cwiKíbv wQj bv| cÂv‡ki `k‡K c~e©v‡j wPwKrmv weÁv‡b mœvZK‡`i PvKzwii my‡hvM
m„wó Ae‡nwjZ wQj| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi mœvZKMY miKvwi e„wË wb‡q D”PZi
cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨ we‡`‡k hvIqvi my‡hvM †c‡Zb wKsev mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z wPwKrmK wnmv‡e
†hvM w`‡Zb| wKš‘ c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i Rb¨ G my‡hvM LyeB mxwgZ wQj| ïay ZvB bq c~e©
cvwK¯Ívwb wPwKrmK‡`i †Rbv‡ij cÖ¨KwUmbvim& (b¨vkbvj mvwf©m) A¨v±, 1950-Gi
AvIZvq cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi `~ieZx© AbybœZ GjvKvq KvR Ki‡Z n‡Zv| cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB As‡ki
¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’vq GiKg ¸iæZi ‰elg¨ evOvwj wPwKrmK Ges RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †¶vf Ges
eÂbv‡eva m„wó K‡i Ges ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i gva¨‡g Zvi cÖKvk N‡U|
3) ¯^vaxbZv cieZx© evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¯^v¯’¨
¯^vaxbZvi
ciciB MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi Rb¯^v¯’¨ †¶‡Î `ªæZ c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i| G mg‡q cÖv_wgK
¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v, gv I wkïi ¯^v¯’¨ Ges cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©m~wP‡K me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡
†`Iqv nq| ¯^v¯’¨ cÖhyw³‡Z `¶ Rbkw³ M‡o †Zvjvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| GRb¨
wewfbœ mg‡q †ek K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯^v¯’¨ cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv nqÑ AvB wc wR Gg Avi
(IPGM&R) ,
RvZxq ü`‡ivM Bwbw÷wUDU, RvZxq P¶z Bwbw÷wUDU, RvZxq e¶ e¨vwa Bwbw÷wUDU I
nvmcvZvj, c½y nvmcvZvj(RIHD), evi‡Wg (BIRDEM) Ges wbcmg (NIPSOM) |
G mKj cÖwZôv‡b wPwKrmv mv‡¯¿i cÖvq me kvLv‡ZB GLb mœvZ‡KvËi cÖwk¶Y Ges wWwMÖ
†`Iqv nq| mevi Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨ wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ cÖ_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©vi g~j `k©b
evsjv‡`k miKvi ev¯Íevqb Kivi Rb¨ A½xKvie×| ¯^vaxbZvi ci Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i †¶‡Î
evsjv‡`k miKvi †h mKj c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zvi GKwU msw¶ß mgqcwÄ ms‡hvwRZ n‡jv:
1972
·
MÖvgxY ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª¸‡jv‡K (RHC)
_vbv ¯^v¯’¨ Kg‡cø‡· (THC)DbœxZKiY|
·
RvZxq ¯^v¯’¨ cvVvMvi I WKz‡g‡›Ukb
†m›Uvi (National
Health Library and Documentation Centre) cÖwZôv|
·
evsjv‡`k †gwW‡Kj wimvP© KvDwÝj (Bangladesh Medical
Research Council) cÖwZôv|
·
XvKv †gwWK¨vj ¯‹zj Ges wgU‡dvW©
nvmcvZvj‡K m¨vi mwjgyjøvn †gwWK¨vj K‡jR I wgU‡dvW© nvmcvZv‡j iæcvš—i|
·
evsjv‡`k K‡jR Ae wdwRwmqvbm A¨vÛ mvR©bm
(Bangladesh
College of Physicians and Surgeons) cÖwZôv(1974 †_‡K 1976 mv‡j
ms‡kvwaZ)| GLvb †_‡K wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿i wewfbœ kvLvq mœvZ‡KvËi GdwmwcGm(FCPS)
Ges GgwmwcGm(MCPS)
wWwMÖ †`Iqv nq|
1973
·
‡gwWK¨vj KvDwÝj A¨v±(Medical Council Act)
†NvlYv|
1974
·
Rb¯^v¯’¨, cywó I Lv`¨ weÁvb Bwbw÷wUDU (Institute of Public
Health
·
dv‡g©wm A¨v±(1957) ms‡kvab Ges wPj‡Wªb
A¨v± †NvlYv|
1975
·
RvZxq cywó KvDwÝj (National Nutrition Council)
MVb|
·
evsjv‡`k †iWµm †mvmvBwU (eZ©gv‡b
evsjv‡`k †iWwµ‡m›U †mvmvBwU) Av‡`k Aby‡gvw`Z;
·
AÜZ¡ cÖwZ‡iva (gi‡YvËi P¶z`vb) A¨v±
†NvlYv|
1976
·
Gwc‡WwgIjwR,†ivM cÖwZ‡iva Ges M‡elYv
Bwbw÷wUDU (Institute of Epidemiology
·
31 kh¨vwewkó _vbv Kg‡cø· (4 wKsev 5wU
¯^v¯’¨ Dc‡K›`ªmn) w¯‹g Aby‡gvw`Z|
·
mœvZK ch©v‡q nvBwRb Ges cÖwZ‡ivag~jK
wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi cvV¨mywP ms‡kvab Ges cybM©Vb| wWcvU©‡g›U Ae KwgDwbwU †gwWwmb
kw³kvjxKiY|
1977
·
cwi‡ek `~lY wbqš¿Y AwW©b¨vÝ (Environmental Pollution
Control Ordinance) Rvwi|
·
ivóªcwZi Av‡`kµ‡g WvB‡i±‡iU Ae bvwm©s
mvwf©m cÖwZôv|
1978
·
mevi Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨Ñ2000(HFA 2000)
Kg©m~wP wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v KZ„©©©©©K Aby‡gvw`Z nIqvi ci evsjv‡`k Avjgv AvZv
†NvlYvq (Alma-Ata
Declaration) ¯^v¶i|
·
RvZxq P¶z Bwbw÷wUDU cÖwZôv|
·
wbcm‡g AvbyôvwbKfv‡e `yBwU †Kvm©
PvjyÑwW‡cøvgv Bb cvewjK †nj_ (DPH) Ges wW‡cøvgv Bb KwgDwbwU †gwWwmb (DCM)|
1979
·
RvZxq ü`‡ivM Bbw÷wUDU (National Institute of
Cardiovascular Disease) cÖwZôv|
·
me©Rbxb wUKv`vb Kg©m~wP (Expanded Programme of Immunization)
ïiæ|
1980
·
WvB‡i±i Ae †nj_ mvwf©m c`wU gnv-cwiPvjK
(Director
General of Health Services) c‡` DbœxZKiY|
1981
·
Px‡bi bMœc` wPwKrmK‡`i g‡Wj Abymi‡Y
evsjv‡`‡k cjøx wPwKrmK w¯‹g Pvjy| Z‡e K‡qK eQi ci Zv cwiZ¨v³ nq|
·
QqwU Dc‡Rjv ¯^v¯’¨ Kg‡cøK&ª cÖv_wgK
¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©vi cvBjU cÖKí MÖnY|
1982
·
c&ªvB‡fU wK¬wbK Ges j¨ve‡iUwi
AwW©b¨vÝ miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ|
·
_vbv ¯^v¯’¨ Kg‡cø‡· we‡klÁ wPwKrm‡Ki c`
m„wó|
·
Ilya bxwZ (Drug Control Ordinance)
†NvlYv|
1986
·
RvZxq K¨vÝvi Bwbw÷wUDU (National Cancer Institute
and Research Hospital
1990
·
gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y AvBb (Narcotics Control Act)
Rvwi|
1998
·
e½eÜz †kL gywRe †gwWK¨vj wek¦we`¨vjq (BSMMU)
cÖwZôv|
mvwe©K
we‡ePbvq wek kZ‡Ki †kl cÖv‡šÍ G‡m †`Lv hvq evsjv‡`k Rb¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi
Dbœq‡bi cÖavb m~PKmg~‡ni we‡ePbvq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î Cl©Yxq
AMÖMwZ mvab K‡i‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †¶Îmg~n n‡”QÑ
·
¯^v¯’¨wk¶v I Rbm‡PZbZv|
·
gv I wkï ¯^v¯’¨, cwievi cwiKíbv Ges ˆK‡kv‡ii ¯^v¯’¨|
·
wUKv cÖ`vb|
·
¯’vbxq †ivMe¨wamg~n cÖwZ‡iva Ges
wbqš¿Y|
·
mvaviY msµvgK e¨wamgyn cÖwZ‡iva Ges
wbqš¿Y|
wek kZ‡Ki †k‡l evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^v¯’¨m~PKmg~n wbgœiƒc:
¯^v¯’¨
m~PK
|
gvb
|
Z_¨ myyÎ
|
|
01
|
‡gvU
RbmsL¨v (2001 mv‡ji RbmsL¨v Rwic)
|
124
wgwjqb
|
2006,
we we Gm
|
02
|
cyiæl
bvixi AbycvZ
|
100:106
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
03
|
RbmsL¨vi
NbZ¡ (Rb/eM© wKwg)
|
926
Rb
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
04
|
5
eQi eq‡mi wb‡P RbmsL¨v (%)
|
12
%
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
05
|
15
eQi eq‡mi wb‡P RbmsL¨v (%)
|
38
%
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
06
|
15-49
eQi eqmx gwnjv RbmsL¨v (%)
|
52
%
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
07
|
60
eQi wKsev Zvi †ewk eq‡mi RbmsL¨v (%)
|
06%
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
08
|
¯’yj
Rb¥nvi (cÖwZ 1000 R‡b)
|
21
Rb
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
09
|
¯’yj
g„Zz¨nvi (cÖwZ 1000 R‡b)
|
06
Rb
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
10
|
RbmsL¨v
e„w×i nvi (%)
|
1.5%
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
11
|
mvwe©K
De©iZvi nvi (bvix cÖwZ)
|
2.5%
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
12
|
kn‡ii
RbmsL¨vi nvi (%)
|
32%
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
14
|
Rb¥
Kv‡j Kvw•LZ Avqy®‹vj (cyiæl)
|
64
eQi
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
15
|
Rb¥
Kv‡j Kvw•LZ Avqy®‹vj (gwnjv)
|
66
eQi
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
16
|
cÖ_g
weev‡ni mgq Mo eqm (cyiæl)
|
25
eQi
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
17
|
cÖ_g
weev‡ni mgq Mo eqm (gwnjv)
|
19
eQi
|
2004
,we we Gm
|
18
|
wkï
g„Zz¨i nvi ( cÖwZ nvRvi RxweZ be RvZ‡Ki Rb¨)
|
52
Rb
|
2004
,we we Gm
|
19
|
gvZ…
g„Z¨yi nvi (cÖwZ nvRvi RxweZ be RvZ‡Ki Rb¨ )
|
3.65Rb
|
2004
,we we Gm
|
20
|
be
RvZ‡Ki g„Z¨yi nvi (cÖwZ nvRvi RxweZ be RvZ‡Ki Rb¨)
|
36
Rb
|
2004
,we we Gm
|
21
|
5eQi
eq‡mi bx‡P wkï g„Z¨y nvi (cÖwZ nvRv‡i)
|
74
Rb
|
2004
,we we Gm
|
22
|
wbivc`
cvwb e¨enviKvix RbmsL¨vi nvi (%)
|
97%
|
2004
,we we Gm
|
23
|
†mwbUvix j¨vwUªb e¨enviKvix RbmsL¨vi nvi
|
46%
|
2004
,we we Gm
|
24
|
Rb¥Kvjxb
Kg IR‡bi nvi (%) (R‡b¥i mgq IRb <2500 MÖvg)
|
40%
|
2004
,we we Gm
|
25
|
5eQi
eq‡mi bx‡P hv‡`i IRb Kg (%)
|
47.7%
|
2004
,we we Gm
|
26
|
gv_v
wcQz wRwWwc (gvwK©b Wjvi)
|
445
|
2005,we
B Avi
|
27
|
¯^v¯’¨
Lv‡Z e¨q (wR wW wci kZvsk )
|
3.2
|
2003,
Gb GBP G
|
28
|
gv_v
wcQz ¯^v¯’¨ Lv‡Z e¨q (gvwK©b Wjvi)
|
12.16
|
2003,
Gb GBP G
|
29
|
gv_v
wcQz Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ e¨q (gvwK©b Wjvi)
|
04
|
2003,
Gb GBP G
|
30
|
nvmcvZv‡ji
kh¨v msL¨v
|
51,684
|
2005,
Gg AvB Gm
|
31
|
miKvix
nvmcvZv‡ji msL¨v
|
671
|
2005,
Gg AvB Gm
|
32
|
‡e
miKvix wK¬wbK/ nvmcvZv‡ji msL¨v
|
1005
|
2005,
Gg AvB Gm
|
33
|
wPwKrm‡Ki
msL¨v
|
45723
Rb
|
2007,
we Gg wW wm
|
34
|
`šÍ
wPwKrm‡Ki msL¨v
|
2945
Rb
|
2007,
we Gg wW wm
|
35
|
‡mweKvi
msL¨v
|
21715
Rb
|
2007,
we Gb wm
|
36
|
avÎxi
msL¨v
|
19354
Rb
|
2005,
we Gb wm
|
37
|
wPwKrmK
cÖwZ RbmsL¨v
|
3012
Rb
|
2005,
wW wW GBP Gm
|
38
|
cÖwZ
10000 R‡bi Rb¨ wPwKrmK
|
3.3
Rb
|
2005,
wW wW GBP Gm
|
39
|
nvmcvZv‡ji
kh¨v cÖwZ RbmsL¨v
|
2665Rb
|
2005,
wW wW GBP Gm
|
40
|
cÖwZ
1000 R‡bi Rb¨ nvmcvZvj kh¨v
|
3.75
|
2005,
wW wW GBP Gm
|
41
|
wPwKrmK
†mweKv AbycvZ
|
2:1
|
2005,
wW wW GBP Gm
|
42
|
‡mweKv
cÖwZ RbmsL¨v
|
6342
Rb
|
2005,
wW wW GBP Gm
|
43
|
evwo‡Z
mšÍvb cÖm‡ei nvi (%)
|
87%
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
44
|
nvmcvZvj/wK¬wb‡K
mšÍvb cÖm‡ei nvi(%)
|
11%
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
45
|
mšÍvb
cÖm‡ei mgq cÖwkwÿZ avÎxi Dcw¯’wZi nvi(%)
|
13%
|
2004,
we we Gm
|
46
|
mšÍvb
cÖm‡ei mgq AcÖwkwÿZ avÎxi Dcw¯’wZi nvi(%)
|
64%
|
2004,
we wW GBP Gm
|
GKwU
†`‡ki ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi mvd‡j¨i GKwU MyiæZ¡c~Y© wbqvgK wkï g„Z¨yi nvi| GB we‡ePbvq
evsjv‡`k wek kZ‡K †kl 10 eQ‡i AZ¨šÍ cÖksmbxq mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q| 1990 mv‡jI cÖwZ
nvRv‡i wkï g„Z¨yi nvi wQj 94Rb| 2001 mv‡j Zv K‡g `uvwo‡q‡Q 51-‡Z| 2015 mv‡ji
g‡a¨ GUv nvRv‡i 32 R‡b Kwg‡q Avbvi j¶¨ wba©vwiZ i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b wkï g„Z¨yi `yB
Z…Zxqvsk g„Zz¨B N‡U beRvZK‡`i †¶‡Î| Avi beRvZK‡`i g„Z¨i KviY wewfbœ KviY Øviv
cÖfvweZ nq; †hgb-beRvZ‡Ki IRb, wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Av‡MB cÖme, cÖmeKvjx wkkyi k¦vmKó
BZ¨vw`| j¶¨Yxq, beRvZ‡Ki g„Z¨yi G mKj KviY RbM‡Yi mvwe©K cywó, ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi gvb
Ges gv‡qi ¯^v‡¯’¨i gv‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj| Gi A_© wek kZ‡K Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i Ges wPwKrmv
e¨e¯’vi DbœwZi d‡j wkï g„Zz¨ K‡g‡Q mZ¨; wKš‘ GUv‡K DbœZ we‡k¦i Zzj¨ ch©v‡q
Avb‡Z n‡j GLb Avgv‡`i mvwe©K Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…ZK cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡e Ges
evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GUvB GKwesk kZ‡Ki P¨v‡jÄ|
Dcmsnvi
wek
kZ‡K evsjv‡`k Rb¯^v¯’¨ Ges wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi †¶‡Î GKwU eûgyLx eY©gq cwieZ©b
†`‡L‡Q| GB GKkZ eQi Avgv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v, e¨e¯’vcbv Ges wPwKrmv †¶‡Î †h e¨cK
Af~Zc~e© AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Zv wb‡q Avgv‡`i Avbw›`Z Ges Mwe©Z nIqvi KviY i‡q‡Q|
cvkvcvwk Avgv‡`i e¨_©Zv Ges `ye©jZvi w`K ¸wjI i‡q‡Q, hv Avgv‡`i e¨w_Z Ges wPwšÍZ
K‡i †Zv‡j| Avkvev`x Ges BwZevPK `„wófw½ wb‡q Avgiv GKwesk kZ‡Ki w`‡K ZvwK‡q
AvwQ ÑZvwK‡q AvwQ HKvwšÍK Avkv wb‡q †h Avgiv Avgv‡`i Ac~Y©Zv Ges AcÖvw߇K cÖvwß
Ges c~Y©Zv w`‡q mvwR‡q Zzj‡Z cvi‡ev|
Z_¨myÎ
1| evsjv GKv‡Wgx weÁvb wek¦‡Kvl|
Z…Zxq LÛ| XvKv: evjv GKv‡Wgx, 2001| c„. 665-68
2| http://en.wikipedia.or/wiki/infections
disease in the 20th century.
3| http://www.britannica .com/Medicine
in the 20th century.
4| http://www.au.af.mil/Military medicine
during the twentieth century.
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